·         Ways to purify water include:

o    Boiling water for three minutes

§  This will kill Giardia

§  At higher altitudes water boils at lower temperatures

·         If you are up in the mountains, you should boil water longer (i.e., 5 minutes longer when more than 5,000 feet above sea level).

·         Unless you are boiling the water in a pressure cooker it will not kill botulism or Cryptosporidium, that requires 248 degrees Fahrenheit which is not attainable without a pressure cooker.

o    Chemical disinfection

§  Iodine is probably the best chemical method to disinfect water.

§  However, it is very important to add iodine and then wait at least 20 minutes (or longer) before drinking the water.

§  It is essential to follow directions carefully since high doses of iodine can be harmful.

§  Iodine tablets or drops are sold at drug stores, camping and backpacking supply stores.

o    Filtration

§  The filter should be at least 0.2 microns

§  Portable water filters can also be used for removing Giardia cysts

§  Portable water filters that are effective for Giardia removal will most likely cost over $100

§  The label should state that the filter is effective in Giardia removal